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arithmetic symbol

  • 1 цифровое обозначение

    1) General subject: numeration
    2) Economy: digital notation
    3) Polygraphy: arithmetic symbol
    4) Telecommunications: digital symbol

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > цифровое обозначение

  • 2 notación

    f.
    notation.
    * * *
    1 notation
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    * * *
    femenino notation
    * * *
    = class mark [classmark], class number, notation, notational symbol, class symbol.
    Nota: Nomenclatura utilizada para representar una clase dentro de un sistema de clasificación.
    Ex. The resulting expression of the subject of a document in notational terms constitutes the class mark or class number of that document.
    Ex. The resulting expression of the subject of a document in notational terms constitutes the class mark or class number of that document.
    Ex. In a classification scheme each subject is allocated a piece of notation, and that notation is used to represent the subject.
    Ex. A unique notational symbol should be provided for each individual subject, whether it be simple or complex.
    Ex. Entries representing documents sometimes referred to as 'surrogates' can be arranged according to their subjects by means of terms or class symbols.
    ----
    * asignación de una notación = allocation of notation.
    * asignar una notación = allocate + notation.
    * desde el punto de vista de la notación = notationally.
    * lista de notaciones = code vocabulary.
    * notación alfabética = alphabetical notation.
    * notación alfanumérica = alphanumeric notation.
    * notación aritmética = arithmetic notation.
    * notación binaria = binary notation.
    * notación científica = scientific notation.
    * notación decimal = decimal notation.
    * notación de clase = class notation.
    * Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso (LCCN) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).
    * notación estructurada = structured notation.
    * notación expresiva = expressive notation.
    * notación jerárquica = hierarchical notation.
    * notación lineal = linear notation.
    * Notación Lineal de Wiswesser = Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN).
    * notación mixta = mixed notation.
    * notación no transparente = non-expressive notation.
    * notación numérica = numerical notation.
    * notación pronunciable = pronounceable notation.
    * notación pura = pure notation.
    * notación retroactiva = retroactive notation.
    * notación silábica = syllabic notation.
    * traducción de encabezamientos a través de notaciones biblioggráficas = information switching.
    * * *
    femenino notation
    * * *
    = class mark [classmark], class number, notation, notational symbol, class symbol.
    Nota: Nomenclatura utilizada para representar una clase dentro de un sistema de clasificación.

    Ex: The resulting expression of the subject of a document in notational terms constitutes the class mark or class number of that document.

    Ex: The resulting expression of the subject of a document in notational terms constitutes the class mark or class number of that document.
    Ex: In a classification scheme each subject is allocated a piece of notation, and that notation is used to represent the subject.
    Ex: A unique notational symbol should be provided for each individual subject, whether it be simple or complex.
    Ex: Entries representing documents sometimes referred to as 'surrogates' can be arranged according to their subjects by means of terms or class symbols.
    * asignación de una notación = allocation of notation.
    * asignar una notación = allocate + notation.
    * desde el punto de vista de la notación = notationally.
    * lista de notaciones = code vocabulary.
    * notación alfabética = alphabetical notation.
    * notación alfanumérica = alphanumeric notation.
    * notación aritmética = arithmetic notation.
    * notación binaria = binary notation.
    * notación científica = scientific notation.
    * notación decimal = decimal notation.
    * notación de clase = class notation.
    * Notación de la Clasificación de la Biblioteca del Congreso (LCCN) = LCCN (Library of Congress Classification Number).
    * notación estructurada = structured notation.
    * notación expresiva = expressive notation.
    * notación jerárquica = hierarchical notation.
    * notación lineal = linear notation.
    * Notación Lineal de Wiswesser = Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN).
    * notación mixta = mixed notation.
    * notación no transparente = non-expressive notation.
    * notación numérica = numerical notation.
    * notación pronunciable = pronounceable notation.
    * notación pura = pure notation.
    * notación retroactiva = retroactive notation.
    * notación silábica = syllabic notation.
    * traducción de encabezamientos a través de notaciones biblioggráficas = information switching.

    * * *
    notation
    * * *

    notación sustantivo femenino notation
    * * *
    notation
    * * *
    f MÚS notation

    Spanish-English dictionary > notación

  • 3 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

См. также в других словарях:

  • Arithmetic symbol — Цифровое обозначение …   Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии

  • Arithmetic coding — is a method for lossless data compression. Normally, a string of characters such as the words hello there is represented using a fixed number of bits per character, as in the ASCII code. Like Huffman coding, arithmetic coding is a form of… …   Wikipedia

  • Arithmetic — tables for children, Lausanne, 1835 Arithmetic or arithmetics (from the Greek word ἀριθμός, arithmos “number”) is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used b …   Wikipedia

  • Arithmetic logic unit — schematic symbol Cascadable 8 …   Wikipedia

  • Arithmetic function — In number theory, an arithmetic (or arithmetical) function is a real or complex valued function ƒ(n) defined on the set of natural numbers (i.e. positive integers) that expresses some arithmetical property of n. [1] An example of an arithmetic… …   Wikipedia

  • arithmetic — arithmetically, adv. n. /euh rith meuh tik/; adj. /ar ith met ik/, n. 1. the method or process of computation with figures: the most elementary branch of mathematics. 2. Also called higher arithmetic, theoretical arithmetic. the theory of… …   Universalium

  • Symbol grounding — The Symbol Grounding Problem is related to the problem of how words (symbols) get their meanings, and hence to the problem of what meaning itself really is. The problem of meaning is in turn related to the problem of consciousness, or how it is… …   Wikipedia

  • modular arithmetic — arithmetic in which numbers that are congruent modulo a given number are treated as the same. Cf. congruence (def. 2), modulo, modulus (def. 2b). [1955 60] * * * sometimes referred to as  modulus arithmetic  or  clock arithmetic        in its… …   Universalium

  • Finite field arithmetic — Arithmetic in a finite field is different from standard integer arithmetic. There are a limited number of elements in the finite field; all operations performed in the finite field result in an element within that field.While each finite field is …   Wikipedia

  • Affine arithmetic — (AA) is a model for self validated numerical analysis. In AA, the quantities of interest are represented as affine combinations (affine forms) of certain primitive variables, which stand for sources of uncertainty in the data or approximations… …   Wikipedia

  • Primitive recursive arithmetic — Primitive recursive arithmetic, or PRA, is a quantifier free formalization of the natural numbers. It was first proposed by Skolem [Thoralf Skolem (1923) The foundations of elementary arithmetic in Jean van Heijenoort, translator and ed. (1967)… …   Wikipedia

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